Fluid Dynamics / Pipe Flows :
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A 5 page paper discussing the basic aspects of laminar and turbulent pipe flows as related to fluid movement through channels. For all the diversity in mechanical and industrial systems in operation and in design phase today, they all have in common the incorporation of some application of fluid dynamics within them. Liquids and gases move according to the same fundamental principles, differing only in movement as affected by density, viscosity and chemical composition. The paper discusses boundary, stationary layer, Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Pipeflow.wps

Fossils/Burgess Shale
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A 7 page research paper that examines the fascinating fossil record that was found in the Burgess Shale. Because the Burgess Shale fossils contain examples of soft-bodied animals, which is very rare, these fossils have been called a "window to the Cambrian period" of prehistory. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: 99shale.wps

Fred Hoyle's Contributions to Astronomy
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6 pages. It seems most of the scientific community has accepted the Big Bang Theory as the creation of the universe, but since that time Hoyle has always refused to follow that line, arguing that the Big Bang has not lived up to its early promise, and that his revised Steady State theory, that the universe has always existed, better fits the facts. This paper discusses the accomplishments and contributions to astronomy made by Fred Hoyle. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAhoyle.wps

Gemstone Enhancement
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A 5 page overview of the technologies and methodologies involved in the artificial enhancement of gemstones. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Gemstone.wps

Geographic Information Systems: Trail Placement In Forested Recreation Areas
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6 pages in length. The technological explosion of the latter twentieth century has rendered tremendous advancement in areas that were considered untouchable only a few decades ago. Clearly, the progress that has been achieved through technology is nothing short of astounding, inasmuch as there is no telling what may be waiting just around the next corner. One of the most beneficial technological developments that has been instrumental in assessing and addressing forestry issues is that of the Geographic Information System (GIS), an assemblage of computer hardware, software and geographic data created as a means by which to efficiently retrieve, store, renew, manipulate, scrutinize and display all types of geographically referenced information. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TLC_GIS.wps

Geographic Perspective on International Relations
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This 7 page paper discusses the impact of geography on international relations. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: HVGeoIR.rtf

Geographical Theories And Concepts
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9 pages in length. Understanding the spatial components of planet Earth encompasses myriad fields of knowledge; centuries' worth of study has provided the twenty-first century scientific community with the extensive scope it possesses. One of the most important fields from which this knowledge was gleaned is that of geography, a particular science that addresses everything associated with the earth's surface. Working upon the fundamental basis developed by researchers hundreds of years ago, contemporary geographical analysts have the benefits of knowing the planet's how's and why's as it relates to the developed world. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TLCGeoGl.rtf

Geologic Theories
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A 5 page comparison of the theories of catastrophism, neptunism, uniformitarianism and plutonism or volcanism. Describes the contentions of each and concludes that contemporary thought recognizes a combination of Neo-Catastrophism and uniformitarianism as being the most logical explanation of the forces which shaped the earth. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPgeoFrm.wps

Geological Rock Formation
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8 pages in length. Stratigraphy, the scientific study of geological history as devised by English engineer William Smith, came into existence some two hundred years ago. Smith's discovery of identical fossil-bearing rock located in vastly divergent areas of England made him realize that this was something much more than mere coincidence. Taking this knowledge and utilizing it to his benefit, the engineer created stratigraphic maps, which enabled him to "predict accurately the location of undiscovered coal beds" (Florida Museum of Natural History, 1997). Having discovered the same layers of rock and fossil formation existing in opposite locations helped Smith to determine just where hidden coal beds existed; learning that specific rocks layers were associated with coal beds, it became quite a simple task to find those that remained unrevealed. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TLCGeoRock.rtf

Geology Questions
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This 3 page paper answers some basic questions about geology and the earth's weather systems. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVGeoQst.rtf

Geomorphology
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This 7 page paper on geormorphology explains the scientific study of landforms and landscapes. The term geomorphology applies normally to the origins as well as the dynamic morphology (changing structure and form) of the earth's land surfaces, but it may also include the morphology of the seafloor as well as the analysis of extraterrestrial terrains. Sometimes included in the field of physical geography, geomorphology is in actuality the geological prospect of the visible landscape. This fascinating science has developed in two distinctive ways that should be integrated in order for the entire structure of the understanding of landscapes to emerge. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAgeomr.wps

Geotechnical Engineering
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A 5 page overview of the many applications of geotechnical engineering. This paper emphasizes that geotechnical engineers are not just important in planning developmental activities, they also provide a useful service in protecting and reclaiming sensitive ecological areas. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPgeoTec.rtf

Geothermal Power: An Alternative for the Future
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An 8 page overview of recent engineering developments in geothermal power. Stresses the incorporation of alternative fuel sources such as geothermal is imperative. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPgeothe.wps

GIS Questions
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This 6 page paper looks at four issues concerning Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The first part of the paper defines what is meant by GIS and looks at it's' components, the second part of the paper considers different sources of data for both vector and raster data. The third part of the paper considers the differences that will be seen in an object orientated database compared to a relational database. The last part of the paper discusses at the three types of projections used; cylindrical projection, azimuthal projection and conical projection. The bibliography cites 2 sources.
Filename: TEGISbase.rtf

Glaciology:
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This 17 page paper examines the various causes of glaciation. More specifically, possible causes such as astronomical, volcanic, solar constant change, plate tectonics and others are identified and explained in-depth. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: GSGlacir.rtf

Global Warming And Methane Hydrate
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A 4 page paper. The writer suggests that the exact location and time when global warming began cannot be determined but it does appear to have begun millennia ago, even prior to the industrial revolution. Recent research from drillings in Greenland suggest a new theory for past ice ages and warming trends. Data are reported when available. Both carbon dioxide and methane hydrate cause this greenhouse effect; this is discussed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGglvwhy.RTF

Global Warming: A Discussion of the Natural Processes Encapsulated by the Milankovitch Theory and the More Deleterious Manmade Influences
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A 10 page discussion of global warming as it is influenced by natural processes determined by the earth's rotation around the sun, natural processes encapsulated by the theories of Serbian astrophysicist Milutin Milankovitch. The author of this paper asserts that the actions of those natural processes have been added to by pollution and activities such as deforestation. The result is an escalated scenario of global warming, a scenario with potentially disastrous results. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPglblW2.rtf