The Chemistry of Water
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A 8 page description of water and the chemical properties that make it so unique. The author details the chemical structure of water and how this structure determines its behavior in response to temperature and in response to other substances. A brief history on temperature measurement with specifics of the distinction between the Fahrenheit scale, the Celsius scale, and the Kelvin scale is provided. The chemical process that occurs when "hard" water is subjected to boiling temperatures is illustrated with the use of chemical formulas. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPwater3.rtf

The Ediacaran Biota of the Precambrian: A Separate Kingdom or The Ancestors of Modern Animals
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A 10 page overview of the Ediacaran Biota, an assemblage of fascinating organisms first discovered in the fossil record in 1946. Describes the ongoing controversy as to whether these organisms belonged to the Animal Kingdom or comprised their own previously undescribed kingdom. Presents the ancillary question that if these organisms were indeed animals did they die out in the Precambrian or are they actually the ancestors of modern day animals. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPfossil.wps

The effect of temperature on the rate of carbon dioxide production in saccharomyces
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This 6 page paper considers the way that temperature will impact on the rate of carbon dioxide, the paper tests the hypothesis that the higher the temperature the more rapid the rate of carbon dioxide. This is tested using yeast. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEcarsac.rtf

The Effects of Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth
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A 5 page discussion of bacterial growth in the presence of antibiotics. Examines how bacterial growth is dependent on a number of their physiological mechanisms such as enzymes, proteins, and even the communication of one organism with another in a phenomenon referred to as quorum sensing. Emphasizes that it is critical to continue our quest to understand the specifics of how antibiotics influence bacterial growth. By improving our understanding and concentrating on developing antibiotics which only work on specific intracellular functions of bacteria we have a higher chance of improving the long-term health not only of human populations but also of those populations of plants and animals upon which we depend. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPantibi2.wps

The Effects of Hormones on Plants
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An 8 page research paper which discusses plant growth, plant hormones, as well as provides the findings of research studies on how hormones effect plant growth. Includes a discussion of two or more hormones in detail. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Planhorm.wps

The Effects of Pollution on Plants
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An 8 page research paper about the effects of sulfur dioxide on plants in a variety of locales. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Pollplan.wps

The Endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal
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7 pages. The Hawaiian monk seal is an endangered species. There are only six breeding locations left in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. This paper will focus on how and why the population has begun to decline and the problem of genetic variability in some of the breeding populations which inevitably leads to problems within the species. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: JGAmseal.rtf

The Endangered Species: Ivory from Elephants
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5 pages. The African elephant is threatened with extinction and the trade in their ivory was forbidden in 1989 by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). There is still, however, a serious poaching problem because ivory remains to be a highly sought after product. The implications of this illegal trade and the demand for it is discussed along with the organizations and groups that are involved. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAivory.rtf

The Ethics of Bioengineered Foods
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A 5 page review of the purported advantages and disadvantages of bioengineered foods. Outlines the history of bioengineering and introduces the concept of bioethics. Concludes that bioethics are both shaped by and shape societal perceptions of wrong and right. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPbioEnF.wps

The Ethics of Human Cloning
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9 pages in length. The volatile controversy concerning cloning is not one that is easily solved. When perusing several articles on the subject of cloning, there are any number of excellent arguments on each side of the issue; however, many of these arguments are nothing more than scare tactics or ridiculous claims that are not valid in the scientific field on which this is based. This paper presents the ethical issues involved with the topic of human cloning. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: JGAclone.wps

The Evolution of Birds from Dinosaurs
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An 11 page overview of the evolutionary path of the modern day birds. Discusses the controversy and debate surrounding the question of the speculated origin of birds from dinosaurs. Discusses the current findings in the field and the need for additional research. Identifies twenty common elements between the earliest known birds and the coelurosaurian dinosaurs. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Evodino.wps

The Evolution of Teeth
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A 10 page outline of the evolution of teeth from the lower vertebrates to more advanced species such as man. Describes the origin of jaw structure and structures such as conodonts (minute toothlike structures) which were the precursors of advanced teeth. Outlines the further evolution of these teeth in the higher mammals with the appearance of features like the hypocone which expanded the grinding surface of teeth and resulted in an explosion of mammal species some forty thousand years ago. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPevTeth.wps

The Evolution-Creationism Debate
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This 5 page paper examines both points of view and concludes that these are not necessarily competing theories and may even complement each other. The debate is discussed and each concept is defined and explored. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA512evo.rtf

The Evolutionary Theory in Relation to Women and Minority Women Today
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This is a 3 page paper discussing the evolutionary theory in regards to women and minority women today. The evolutionary theory as proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859 in his text “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life” introduced the ideas of adaptation and change to the environment, natural selection, and “survival of the fittest” a term coined by Herbert Spencer in its application to humans. Although the theories of Darwin have undergone a certain amount of transition themselves over the last 150 years, many of the elements still be applied today. One aspect is its application to women and women minorities in today’s society. Generally, it has been found that both physically and mentally minority women have learned to adapt into new environments more easily than men and women overall have learned certain aggressive behavior necessary for their own survival and the survival of their children. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJevolw1.rtf

The Flea in History
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A 10 page overview of the flea and its impact on human history. This paper describes the natural history of the flea and its impact as a vector on its human host. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPbioFleas.rtf

The Forest Biome
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This 10 page paper is a PowerPoint presentation with accompanying notes. The presentation looks at temperate forest biomes, giving general background on biomes to place the temperate forest biome in the broader context, looks at the characteristics and gives examples of different types of symbiotic relationships and compares this to a freshwater biome which may boarder with it. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEbiomef.rtf

The Future of Stem Cell Research
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An 11 page overview of the current state of stem cell research and its potential for future benefit. Lamenting the current governmental restrictions on embryonic stem cell research, this paper emphasizes the myriad of possibilities that stem cell research holds in terms of improving human life. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPstemC7.rtf