Testing an Empirical Method / Salivary Cortisol
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A 4 page review of a controlled study that shows that a method used to determine hormone levels in children was flawed because the stimulus used inflated results in 1,418 salivary cortisol tests on children. By testing the method, the authors exposed how some child development studies may have inflated findings. The authors propose means for improving the method and eradicating errors in existing studies. Bibliography lists a single source.
Filename: Cnchdev.wps

The All Macaw Group
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A 10 page paper examining an Internet membership group in terms of composition, function, operation and differences from traditional mass media. This form of communication is one in which many can take part, but it still retains the form of exchange between individuals. This provides a significant difference between the group and traditional mass media. The other primary difference is that it is the group members, rather than the list owner, who determine what the content and topics of discussion will be. An appendix fills half of the paper; the appendix tracks group activity for 10 consecutive days, giving a synopsis of discussion topics in this group that has only 123 members but averaged nearly 17 posts daily over 10 days. The group’s focus is the care and breeding of macaw parrots. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSallMacaw.rtf

The American Alligator / Alligator Mississippiensis
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A 5 page overview of the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Includes information on its evolutionary relationship to the crocodile, its reproductive strategy, habitat preferences, subsistence patterns and other behavior. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Alligat2.wps

The Anasazi of the Great Basin
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A 16 page paper discussing the history and fate of the Anasazi, ancestors of the Pueblos occupying the American Southwest for a period of time measured in thousands of years. The Anasazi disappeared abruptly, however, in the 13th century. Investigation points to drought, but some researchers believe that the Anasazi committed environmental missteps that eventually led to their demise. The paper traces some of the early cultural changes, discusses the water cycle and presents results of research focusing on and Anasazi. Bibliography lists 17 sources.
Filename: KSanasazi.rtf

The Animal Language Controversy
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A 5 page discussion of language. Explains the evolution of language in humans both in terms of innate capability and as being an evolution which occurred as a result of environmental stimuli. Concludes that while animals have an innate capability for language they have not experienced the need for more complex evolutionary aspects of the basic forms of language that they currently exhibit. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPlngAni.wps

The Bartrams / A Special View of Nature
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a 4 page research paper that looks at Thomas P. Slaughter's account of the lives of John and William Bartram--father and son, they were two of America's first horticulturists and botanists. Ahead of their times in many ways, the writer shows that science is substantiating many of their opinions. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: Bartrams.wps

The Benefits of Genetically Modified Food
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A 9 page discussion of the benefits of bioengineering, the genetic alteration of food species. Presents the contention that genetically altered food species are the key to feeding the world's ever increasing population on the ever decreasing agricultural areas. Counters objections to bioengineering and concludes that it is the people themselves who should decide the direction of bioengineering. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPfoodGn.wps

The Benefits of Integrated Pest Management
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5 pages. The purpose of integrated pest management is to utilize the management of destruction by pests to crops and other agriculture with as little damage to the environment as possible. By using a system of integration we can cut down on the harmful chemicals and poisons that often harm the ecological balance. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JGAipest.rtf

The Biological, Psychological, and Social Obstacles to Understanding Transsexuality
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In five pages this paper examines transsexuality within biological, psychological, and social contexts with references to Joyce Meyerowitz’s How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States and George Chauncey’s Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940, with the theme of misunderstanding transsexualism also addressed within the context of Sigmund Freud’s essay, ‘Sexual Aberrations.’ There are no additional sources listed in the bibliography.
Filename: TGtranssex.rtf

The Biology and Ethics of Human Cloning
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This 9 page paper provides an overview of cloning in general and then goes into political, moral and social implications of human cloning. Both sides are explored, but the paper supports the concept of human cloning. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: SA231cln.rtf

The Biology of Tapeworms
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A 6 page discussion of tapeworm life cycle and impact to man. This paper provides an overview of tapeworm biology as well as specific information on Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm which affects both humans and other higher vertebrates such as cattle and pigs and Taenia solium, a tapeworm in which the primary hosts is pigs while the intermediate host is man. These species are the two most common tapeworms infesting man and can exert tremendous economic and health impacts on the human population. They do so through an evolutionary design which ensures their success in invading and parasitizing their hosts. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPtapewr.rtf

The Botany of Coffee
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A 5 page paper discussing the coffee plant's structure and habit, then discussion of caffeine's effects on the body. Coffee is one of those plants that does not grow as well where it is native as it does where it does not. Native to Africa, it grows best for commercial purposes about 25 either side of the equator. It is important commercially regardless of where it is grown, however, with about 400 million cups being consumed each day by two-thirds of the world's population. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Kscoffee.doc

The Burgess Shale Fauna/Dinosaur to Bird Fossil Record: Parallels and Contrasts
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An 11 page comparison of the simplicity of the animal species preserved in the Burgess Shale Deposit and the complex evolutionary path recorded in the fossil record for modern-day birds. Discusses the controversy and debate surrounding the question of the speculated origin of birds from dinosaurs. Discusses the current findings in the field and the need for additional research. Paper concludes that not only is there no current connection between the Burgess Shale deposit and the evolutionary path of our modern birds, the theories that connect modern day birds to dinosaurs will undoubtedly continue to be challenged in the future. Emphasizes that research is ongoing, however, and that the probability of identifying a clear and irrefutable association between the dinosaurs and the modern birds is more probable than improbable. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPdinoBd.wps

The Cell as a "Supramolecular Machine"
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An 8 page overview of cellular function. Concentrating on cellular function in viruses, the author utilizes RNA to illustrate the view that the cell is a supramolecular machine. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPrnaCll.rtf

The Cellular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis
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7 pages. This paper about cystic fibrosis deals with a journal article that explains research into the molecular and cellular basis of cystic fibrosis. Included in this paper is what is known about the disease process, why the research was undertaken and what it contributes to the knowledge of pathobiology. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: JAcysfib.rtf

The Characteristics, Types, and Significance of Snakes
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of the basic elements similar in all types of snakes, including anatomical elements, reproduction and locomotion and then outlines some of the specifics in three snake examples: garter snakes, cornsnakes and boa constrictors. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: MHsnakes.wps

The Chemistry of Water
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A 6 page description of water. The author details the chemical structure of water and how this structure determines its behavior in response to temperature and in response to other substances. A brief history on temperature measurement with specifics of the distinction between the Fahrenheit scale, the Celsius scale, and the Kelvin scale is provided as well. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPwater2.rtf