The Stroop Effect Phenomenon As A Measure Of Cognitive Functioning Of Bilingual Subjects
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This 5 page research paper investigates the Stroop Effect Phenomenon, what it is, its effects and some of the many research studies conducted examining the effect under different conditions. Attention is paid to bilingual speakers and the Stroop effect. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Stroop.wps

The Universals of Language: Is Language Innate?
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This 6 page paper considers the universals of language from early development and assesses whether this supports the argument that language is innate. This paper argues that the central components of language present in infants and the fact that differentiated cultures across the world integrate language as a fundamental social structure supports the belief that language is innate. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHLangu4.wps

The Use of Passive in Russian
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This 5 page paper considers the use of passive language in Russian. The use of passive language occurs in many languages and assessments of the impact of the use of the passive in Russian provides some insight into specific elements of the language. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MHLanRus.wps

The Use of Rogerian Argument
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This 3 page paper discusses Rogerian argument—what it is, and how it can be used to help people find common ground, even when their views are diametrically opposed, or even hostile. Bibliography lists 4 sources
Filename: HVRogRev.rtf

The Verb: Listen
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A 4 page paper which examines and discusses the verb “listen.” No sources cited.
Filename: RAlisten.rtf

Three Scenarios on Teaching English
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A 9 page research paper that is made up of three short essays. The topic covered are a proposed workshop to deal with prejudice of teachers against students who speak a dialect of English rather than standard English; a discussion of how learning to speak relates to learning to read and write and how the native language knowledge that a child has can be utilized in learning English; and a discussion of animals learning sign language and its implications. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: kheng3.rtf

Translating Political Discourse from English to Arabic
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This 10 page paper provides an overview of the process of acculturation and the impact on the translating of political discourse from English to Arabic. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MHAccul2.rtf

Translation Models; Semantic Translation Compared to Formal and Dynamic Equivalence
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This 13 page paper examines the models that may be used for translation. The paper starts with an examination of Newark’s model of semantic translation, with examples, and then compares this model to Nida's concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence models of translation. The bibliography cites 2 sources.
Filename: TEtransementic.rtf

Uniquely Human: Content, Impact and Reception
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A 7 page book analysis of Philip Lieberman's "Uniquely Human" and a discussion of its literary reception. The text asserts among other things that human language evolved relatively recently, approximately within the last 100,000 years, and that in doing so it added speech and syntax to older communication systems. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: Uniquely.wps

Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition
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This 10 page paper considers the acquisition of a second language (L2) and the way that this maybe correlated or influenced by the idea of universal grammar (UG). The arguments for and against the influence of UG on L2 learning is considered. The bibliography cites 7 sources.
Filename: TEUGL2aq.rtf

Verbal Reinforcement -- “Good” and “We”
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This 5 page report discusses verbal reinforcement and choice people make between using the words “good” and “we.” The primary focus of the report is the fact that the context in which a particular verbal interaction occurs is the greatest predictor of verbal interactions and outcomes. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWverbre.rtf

Wh-Movements in English and Chinese: A View of Wh in Situ
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This 10 page paper outlines some current perspectives on 'wh in situ,' which is the movement of the wh-element (who, what, where) in English. This paper provides a comparison of the wh-movement in English and Chinese and discusses whether these movements are covert or overt.
Filename: MHLingu_

Why We Speak Different Languages
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6 pages in length. Spoken language is the most fundamental form of communication between human beings, yet its origin is quite elusive. From grunts and snorts back in the Neanderthal age to the most sophisticated of speech patterns of present day, the evolution of language has incorporated myriad changes and still continues to be a work in progress. The writer chronicles the origin of language as best we know it, as well as distinguishes the difference among the many varieties. Bibliography included.
Filename: Lanspeak.wps

Willard V. Quine’s “Indeterminacy of Translation” Theory
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This is a 15 page paper discussing Quine’s theory of indeterminacy of translation. Willard V. Quine was a mathematician and philosopher who lived from 1908-2000. During the last half of the 20th century, Quine developed several theories, one of which was the theory of indeterminacy of translation, which challenged some of the former assumptions used in the fields of psychology, linguists and anthropology. Quine asserted that accurate translations between languages could not be made for a number of reasons. Firstly, linguists could not get basic terms of references, or starting elements, because from a holistic perspective, sentences are the basic form of meaning and all sentences are semantically linked by the native speaker. Secondly, “meaning” could not be considered as an absolute element. In addition to some of these basic changes in the construct of translations, Quine also discussed the idea that not only were correct translations into English not possible but also two translation manuals given the same observational stimuli could also not be interchangeable because of the assumptions and the linguist’s imposition of his own beliefs and patterns onto the native language. Obviously, Quine’s theories were criticized as linguists made the case that several translations were considered successful because smooth negotiation and conversation could take place between native speakers and foreign speakers. However Quine’s dissection of the linguist’s process into one of a mathematical and scientific process is considered one of the most significant within the last fifty years in linguistic philosophy. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJQuine1.rtf

Women and Slang
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A 3 page paper which discusses slang and examines whether women use slang more than men. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAwmnsln.rtf

“Comparison of linguistic terms in Malagasy and Guugu Ymidhirr”
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A six page paper which looks at the respective cultures of the Malagasy of Madagascar and the Guugu Ymidhirr of Hopevale, Australia and the ways in which certain socio-linguistic forms have been retained or modified by these two groups, depending on factors such as external cultural influences. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JLmalagasy.wps

“Hooked on Phonics” -- A Product Designed to Take Teaching Reading Back to Basics
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This 14 page report discusses the reading program “Hooked on Phonics” that is used to help children in learning to read and write. Proponents of the program believe that it is vitally important to understand that a great number of the children who appear to be unable to understand a concept or a set of directions are actually having problems recognizing actual words. As a result of having to direct their focus so carefully and devote so much attention to slowly and carefully figuring out the words, they focus less attention on what the text means. Children who recognize words more readily can focus more attention on meaning. That recognition can be enhanced through understanding the relationship that exists between sounds and letters in an alphabetic code. Phonics then establishes the basis for that process of decoding words. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: BWphonic.wps